This review paper examines the evolution of the telecommunications ecosystem through one decade namely 2009-2019. The choice of 2009 as a starting point is a signifier of the momentous shift of international connectivity with the introduction of fibre and thus a massive amount of data and subdued contribution of satellite. Inadequate, expensive, and high latency bandwidth was heralded as a block in Kenya’s growth and thus the entry of fibre was intended to unleash latent energy and shepherd Kenya to prosperity in a digitally connected society.

The paper unbundles the key drivers of the telecommunications industry in a way to empower stakeholders engage in an informed debate on the opportunities and threats in the ecosystem and position the industry as foundational to the realisation of a digital economy, 4IR and regional competitiveness.